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Hawking radiation has a
blackbody (Planck) spectrum with a temperature T given
by
kT =
hbar g / (2 pi c) = hbar c / (4 pi rs)
where k is Boltzmann's
constant, hbar
= h / (2 pi)
is Planck's
constant divided by 2 pi,
and g = G M / rs2 is
the surface gravity at the horizon, the Schwarzschild
radius rs,
of the black hole of mass M.
Numerically, the Hawking temperature is T = 4 × 10-20 g Kelvin
if the gravitational acceleration g is
measured in Earth
gravities (gees).
The Hawking luminosity L of
the black hole is given by the usual Stefan-Boltzmann
blackbody formula
L = A sigma T4
where A =
4 pi rs2 is
the surface area of the black hole, and sigma = pi2 k4 / (60 c2 hbar3)
is the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant. If
the Hawking temperature exceeds the rest mass energy of
a particle type, then the black hole radiates particles
and antiparticles of that type, in addition to photons,
and the Hawking luminosity of the black hole rises to
L = A (neff / 2) sigma T4
where neff is
the effective number of relativistic particle types,
including the two helicity types (polarizations) of the
photon. |