C reative
Particle
Higgs
CPH Theory is based on Generalized light velocity from energy into mass.
CPH Theory in Journals
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Big Bang's smoking gun found
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Irene Klotz
For the first time, scientists have found direct evidence of the expansion of the universe, a previously theoretical event that took place a fraction of a second after the Big Bang explosion nearly 14 billion years ago. We all know that the universe is big. Really big. But just how large is it? The clue is encoded in the primordial cosmic microwave background radiation that continues to spread through space to this day. Scientists found and measured a key polarisation, or orientation, of the microwaves caused by gravitational waves, which are miniature ripples in the fabric of space.
Scientists at the Dark Sector Lab at the South Pole discover one of the Holy Grails of astronomy, ripples in the fabric of space-time which echo the expansion of the cosmos just after the Big Bang(Source: Steffen Richter/Harvard University)
Gravitational waves, proposed by Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity nearly 100 years ago but never before proven, are believed to have originated in the Big Bang explosion and then been amplified by the universe's inflation. "This detection is cosmology's missing link," says physicist Marc Kamionkowski, of Johns Hopkins University. "It's something that we thought should be there, but we weren't really sure. It has been eagerly sought now for close to two decades," says Kamionkowski. Because gravitational waves squeeze space as they travel, they imprint a specific pattern in the cosmic microwave background. Like light waves, gravitational waves have "handedness" that correlates to left- and right-skewed polarisations. Using the Dark Sector Laboratory at the South Pole, scientists not only detected gravitational waves in the universe's fossil radiation; they also found that the telltale polarisation signals are much stronger than expected. "This has been like looking for a needle in a haystack, but instead we found a crowbar," says team co-leader Clem Pryke, of the University of Minnesota. In addition to providing the first direct evidence of the universe's inflation, the measurements can be used to date the process and determine how much energy it took. "This is not something that's just a home run, but a grand slam. It's the smoking gun for inflation. It hints at unification of the fundamental forces at energies 10 trillions of times higher than those accessible at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN," says Kamionkowski. Computer models indicate that the universe expanded by 100 trillion trillion times in .0000000000000000000000000000000001 (10 to the minus-34) seconds after the Big Bang explosion 13.8 billion years ago. The telescope used to detect the gravitational waves is called Bicep, short for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarisation. "These results are as extraordinary as they get, and they will require the most extraordinary scrutiny," says Kamionkowski. "If these results hold up … then we've learned only that inflation has sent us a telegram, encoded on gravitational waves and transcribed on the cosmic microwave background sky. It will be essential in the years to come to follow through with more detailed and precise measurements to infer fully what this telegram is telling us," he adds.
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Sub quantum space and interactions from photon to fermions and bosons |
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