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Does gravity come in sizes?
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Does gravity come in sizes?Marcus Chown
The Milky Way as pictured in an infrared image produced by Nasa's Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA / AP There is nothing certain
in this world, the US founding father Benjamin Franklin once wrote,
except death and taxes. It is actually the weakest of nature’s four forces, but whereas the other three – electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces – unleash their full strength only at the scales of atoms and particles, gravity conserves its power to trump all comers in the cosmos at large. Just take any two things that have mass and, whatever their size and wherever they are, they will feel gravity’s grasp in exactly the same way. Or will they? If right, the hunch has truly mind-boggling consequences. According to the theory, this variable gravity would be our first glimpse of spatial dimensions beyond our familiar three – dimensions infinitely large, but which remain forever closed off to us. Dr Khoury acknowledges that it seems wacky. But as long as the observational anomalies are not explained, there is a feeling the idea should not be dismissed out of hand. “The work is credible,
if a little optimistic,” says David Spergel, an astrophysicist based at
Princeton University. Intriguingly, the theory makes predictions we can
test: so if hidden dimensions are there right under our noses, we should
soon have the proof. Yet Newton was hard
pressed to explain the nature of a force that seem to be transported
instantaneously and with unerring accuracy through empty space. It was
only in 1915, with Einstein’s general theory of relativity, that a
halfway convincing answer was found. So if the theory ain’t broke, why try to fix it? The problem is that general relativity is incompatible with the later quantum theories that describe nature’s other three forces. These theories say that forces are mediated by a constant exchange of particles; accordingly, gravity should be transmitted by a quantum particle known as a graviton. General relativity does not allow for such a possibility, so physicists are left seeking a grander framework that will unite gravity and quantum theory into one “theory of everything”. If you care to look on
the very grandest of cosmic scales, there is no shortage of niggling
indications that something is not quite right. There’s evidence of dark
energy, some kind of invisible “stuff” with repulsive gravity that is
the best explanation we have for why the universe’s expansion seems to
have begun speeding up in recent aeons. Finally, then there’s the Lyman-alpha forest. Liberally dabbed across the cosmos are tenuous clouds of hydrogen gas, the building blocks of galaxies. These absorb light, creating a distinctive dip in the spectrum of light penetrating through them known as the Lyman-alpha line. From this forest of spectral lines astronomers can deduce the distribution of hydrogen clouds in space. Like the dark-flowing galaxies, they seem more closely clumped together on middling scales than standard cosmology can explain – again, just as if gravity had once been a stronger force binding them together. Overall, there’s weaker
gravity on one scale; stronger gravity on another. Surely one theory
cannot explain both? Remarkably, that is just what Dr Khoury and his
colleagues are claiming. But if brane theories
have extra dimensions to the ones we can perceive, why can’t we see
them? You and I do not see the extra dimensions because we are made up
of ordinary particles of matter that are firmly pinned to the brane,
they argue.
Source: http://www.thenational.ae/article/20090313/FRONTIERS/225343281/1036
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faster than light!
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