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Abstract
It is known that thermodynamics laws and entropy have been
experimentally accepted and they are not based on theorem. In this
article it has been tried to introduce a new mechanism of analysis
of thermodynamics laws and also entropy based on Creative Particles
of Higgs (CPH) theory. For this reason, based on the new definition
of energy in CPH physics, a new aperture of logics for proving
thermodynamics laws and also entropy have been prepared.
Keywords: Thermodynamics laws, entropy, heat energy, the
basis of the energy level, speed of heat transfer, absolute zero,
and negative power of system
Introduction
Thermodynamic Laws have assigned a part of physics to itself. But
these laws have been given in a period that relativity and quantum
physics had not been developed and it has not changed yet but its
description has been implemented. Now, after a lot of improvement in
modern physics, especially in fundamental particles,
re-investigation in the thermodynamic laws and entropy is an
essential necessity. From the other hand, with presentation of CPH
Theory by H. Javadi in 1987[4], a new definition of energy has been
considered. In this article it is tried to extract thermodynamic
laws from CPH theory. From CPH point of view, energy (heat) which
has been introduced is matter that has a transfer limit speed c
in inertial frame. This assumption has been prepared the basis of
theoretical thermodynamic law and entropy which can be simplified by
CPH principle.
Heat energy in CPH theory
In CPH theory, energy is the same as a matter transfers with a high
speed. In the other word, energy moves with speed of light c, and
matter moves with speed of v, that v<c. So, speed of heat is c, too,
because it is a kind of energy, in fact heat energy is an
electromagnetic wave. According to the CPH theory, everything is
made of CPH, and a CPH has a constant energy which is equal to:
ECPH=T+S (1)
Here T
is transferring energy and S is spinning energy of a CPH. So,
temperature of a system such as a gas depends on T of CPH in system.
When a system takes heat, in fact transferring energy of CPH which
its system is made of itself increases (Diagram 1).
Diagram 1; Total energy of a CPH is constant
When
spin of CPH converts to transferring movement, the temperature of
system increases. Consider a flaring ingle, matter converts to
energy and in flame, CPHs move with speed of light. In the following
figure, CPHs leave matter and they convert to electromagnetism
energy whose speed is equal to light speed (Figure 1).
Fig 1; Transferring speed of CPH in
gas is v, but in flame state, they move with speed of c
According to the CPH theory mass and energy are made of CPHs. Mass
moves with speed v which is
 and energy
moves with speed c. When v=c, mass converts to energy.
For example suppose a
system contains two molecules A and B. If they move with speed v1
and v2, respectively and molecule A is made of n1
CPH and molecule B is made of n2 CPH.
Therefore, the momentum of system can be given by the formula 2;
Formula 2; conservation of momentum
Here V is average speed.
Now
suppose Q calorie is made of k CPH which move with speed c. When Q
calorie heat energy enters into system, the momentum of system
changes according to the formula 3;
Formula 3; conservation of momentum
and CPH theory
Suppose a system of gas contains k' molecules. And k' molecules is
made of n CPH that they are moving with the initial average velocity
v. if n' CPH (heat energy) enter into system, then final average
velocity of molecules to
Formula 3; conservation of momentum
and CPH theory
Suppose a system of gas contains k' molecules. And k' molecules is
made of n CPH that they are moving with the initial average velocity
v. if n' CPH (heat energy) enter into system, then final average
velocity of molecules to
that is given by (formula 4);
Formula 4; k' molecules are made of n
CPH and heat is made of n' CPH
When a system emits heat energy, the final average velocity of
molecules decreases that is given by (formula 5);
Formula 5; average velocity decreases
How does a charge particle emit
electromagnetic wave?
As we know, when a charge particle
oscillates, it emits electromagnetic energy. Also, when a charge
particle moves with constant velocity, it never emits
electromagnetic energy. According to the CPH theory, while a force
works on a charge particle such as an electron, then W (work) is not
zero (formula 6), so charge particle takes energy. Then it
oscillates and emits electromagnetic energy.
W (on
charge particle)=E
W=0
=> E=0
(Formula 6): work and
emitting energy by charge particle
So, emitting of a charge
particle depends on its oscillating.
Why does a system emit heat energy?
A
system such as gas is made of molecules or atoms, and atoms are not
at static state in system. They are moving or oscillating around
each other. Also, atoms are made of charge particles, and they
absorb or repel each other (see following figure). So, they are
working on each other continuously (Figure 2);
Fig 2; Atoms are made of charge
particles that they are moving around each other in a system.
In a
system charge particles work on each other and they oscillate
according to above section they emit electromagnetic energy. So,
every system emits heat energy, and intensity of radiation is
depending to its temperature.
The basis of the energy level of fundamental particles
In CPH theory every fundamental particle such as electron, quark,
photon and etc. is made of CPHs. So, a moving particle has two kinds
of CPH, one kind of CPH has made particle and other kind cause
energy. A moving particle is able to loose its energy without
loosing its essential properties. How can we define "the basis of
the energy level of a fundamental particle" such as electron?
CPH theory definition of the basis of the energy level of a
fundamental particle is based on its essential properties. A
fundamental particle such as an electron has a few properties that
it does differ from the other particles. If an electron looses one
of these properties, then it is not an electron. If a fundamental
particle looses all its energy, without loosing itself substantial
properties, then it is at the basis of the level of energy (Figure
3);
Fig 3; Velocity and temperature of a
systems
Also, a system (of atoms or molecules) is at the basis of the energy
level, if it looses all its energy and its particles keep their
properties.
A
moving particle is able to loose its energy without loosing its
essential properties. How can we define "the basis of the energy
level of a fundamental particle" such as electron?
When a system is at the basis of the energy level and its charge
particles would not be able work on each other, then system does not
emit heat energy. When a system is at the basis of the energy level,
then its temperature shall be absolute zero.
Suppose a system is at the basis of the energy level, it contains n
CPH and they are moving with velocity v1=0 in the system.
Then we give heat to it, in fact, k CPH with speed c enter into
system, and particles of system absorb them. Momentum of the system
changes according to the given formula 7:
Formula 7; System is at the basis of
the energy level and heat energy enters into a system. So, its
momentum increases.
Here P1
is momentum of heat energy that enters into the system. P2
is momentum of the system before it takes heat. And v is the average
velocity after the system takes energy. When a system takes heat,
then it begins to emit electromagnetic energy. It radiation depends
on its temperature; because by growing temperature, charge particles
work on each other faster than low temperature (Figure 4).
Fig 4; everything emits heat energy
Negative power of a system
Consider a system at temperature T. According to what has been given
in the above section, charge particles work on each other and emit
heat energy in the system. Also, at high temperature, they work
faster than lower temperature and the system looses its energy. So,
there is a work function for the system in CPH theory which can be
given as (Formula 8);
W=W(T) <0
Formula 8; Negative work of a system on itself
The system looses its internal energy continuously, because work of
the system is negative on itself. So, the system has a negative
power (P) that can be defined by (Formula 9):
Formula 9; Power of a system changes
versus time
Here dp/dt is
variation of power of the system versus a domain of time. And k is
given by (Formula 10);
k=k1-k2
Formula 10; number of CPH leaves or
enters to system
k1 is
the number of CPH that leaves the system and k2 is the
number of CPH that enters into the system. If k>0, then power of the
system is negative, it means that the system is loosing its heat,
like a warm shot in the cold water. If k<0, then the system power is
positive and system temperature is increasing, like a cold shot in
the warm water. If k=0, then the system is in thermal equilibrium.
And finally in the isolated system, we have the following relations:
k>0 and p2<p1.
Thermodynamics Laws and CPH theory
Let's
re-define thermodynamics laws according to the CPH theory.
First Law (conventional physics)
In
any process, the total energy of the universe remains constant. More
simply, the First Law states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed; rather, the amount of energy lost in a process cannot be
greater than the amount of energy gained.
First Law (CPH theory)
Everything is made of CPH. A CPH has constant energy by itself and
it cannot be created or destroyed.
Second Law (conventional physics)
There
is no process that, operating in a cycle, produces no other effect
than the subtraction of a positive amount of heat from a reservoir
and the production of an equal amount of work.
Second
Law
(CPH theory)
Any system or process has a negative power
P that looses its energy, and the input power P1 into the
system is less than the output power P2 obtained from the
system, therefore, P2<P1.
Third Law (conventional physics)
As
temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system
approaches a constant.
The
Third Law deals with the fact that there is an absolute constant in
the universe known as absolute zero.
Third
Law
(CPH theory)
According to the above statements as
forming of the fundamental particles begin after energy level basis;
therefore, a system can never approach to the basis of the energy
level.
Entropy (conventional physics)
Quantitatively, Claudius states the mathematical expression for this
theorem is as follows. Let δQ be an element of the heat given
up by the body to any reservoir of heat during its own changes, heat
which it may absorb from a reservoir being here reckoned as
negative, and T the absolute temperature of the body at the
moment of giving up this heat, then the equation:
must
be true for every reversible cyclical process, and the relation:
must
hold good for every cyclical process which is in any way possible.
[3]
Entropy (CPH
theory)
Entropy (S) of a system is equal to its negative power (P), P=S>0,
so entropy of a system approaches to zero only at the basis of the
energy level.
===========
Appendix;
The
laws of thermodynamics, in principle, describe the specifics
for the transport of
heat
and
work in
thermodynamic processes. Since their conception, however, these
laws have become some of the most important in all of
physics and other branches of
science connected to
thermodynamics. They are often associated with concepts far
beyond what is directly stated in the wording.
In
thermodynamics, entropy is an
extensive
state function that accounts for the effects of
irreversibility in
thermodynamic systems, particularly in
heat engines during an
engine cycle. While the concept of energy is central to the
first law of thermodynamics, which deals with the
conservation of energy, the concept of entropy is central
to the
second law of thermodynamics, which deals with physical
processes and whether they occur spontaneously. Spontaneous changes
occur with an increase in entropy. In simple terms, entropy change
is related to either a change to a more ordered or disordered state
at a microscopic level, which is an early visualization of the
motional energy of molecules, and to the idea
dissipation of energy via intermolecular molecular
frictions and collisions. In recent years, entropy, from a
non-mathematical perspective, has been interpreted in terms of the "dispersal"
of energy.
Quantitatively, entropy, symbolized by S, is defined by the
differential quantity dS = δQ / T,
where δQ is the amount of
heat
absorbed in a
reversible process in which the system goes from one
state to another, and T is the
absolute temperature.[3]
Entropy is one of the factors that determines the
free energy of the system.
Zeroth law
If two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a
third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First law
In any process, the total energy of the universe remains constant.
More simply, the First Law states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed; rather, the amount of energy lost in a process cannot be
greater than the amount of energy gained.
Second law
There is no process that, operating in a cycle, produces no other
effect than the subtraction of a positive amount of heat from a
reservoir and the production of an equal amount of work.
Third law
As temperature approaches
absolute zero, the
entropy of a system approaches a constant.
The Third Law deals with the fact that there is an absolute constant
in the universe known as
absolute zero.
Combined law
Aside from the established four basic laws of thermodynamics
described above, there is also the combined law of thermodynamics.
The combined law of thermodynamics is essentially the 1st and 2nd
law subsumed into a single concise mathematical statement as shown
below:[1][2]
Here, E is
energy,
T is
temperature, S is
entropy, P is
pressure, and V is
volume.
Entropy
Quantitatively, Claudius states the mathematical expression for this
theorem is as follows. Let δQ be an element of the heat given
up by the body to any reservoir of heat during its own changes, heat
which it may absorb from a reservoir being here reckoned as
negative, and T the
absolute temperature of the body at the moment of giving up this
heat, then the equation:
must be true for every reversible cyclical process, and the
relation:
must hold good for every cyclical process which is in any way
possible. This is the essential formulation of the second law and
one of the original forms of the concept of entropy. It can be seen
that the dimensions of entropy are energy divided by temperature,
which is the same as the dimensions of
Boltzmann's constant (k) and
heat capacity. The
SI unit of
entropy is "joule
per
kelvin" (J•K−1). In this manner, the quantity "ΔS" is
utilized as a type of internal ordering energy, which accounts for
the effects of
irreversibility, in the energy balance equation for any given
system. In the
Gibbs free energy equation, i.e. ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, for example,
which is a formula commonly utilized to determine if
chemical reactions will occur, the energy related to entropy
changes TΔS is subtracted from the "total" system energy ΔH to give
the "free" energy ΔG of the system, as during a
chemical process or as when a system changes state.
References:
[1]
The laws of thermodynamics:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics#History
[2]
Color-charge
particle creation method from Higgs bosons Javadi, H. Forouzbakhsh,
F. Under Decision in Process
of Physics Letter B JournalPLB-D-06-00339
Sep 21, 2006
http://cph-theory.persiangig.com/color_charge_creation_method.pdf
[3]
Entropy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy
[4]
Hossein Javadi Biography:
http://cph-theory.persiangig.com/C447-englishbiography.htm
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