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به نشریه الکترونیکی سی. پی. اچ.

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Nobel 1973

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Long Journey into Tunnelling

Electron Tunneling and Superconductivity

The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents

"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"

"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"

Leo Esaki	Ivar Giaever	Brian David Josephson

1/4 of the prize	1/4 of the prize	1/2 of the prize
Japan	USA	United Kingdom
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY, USA	General Electric Company Schenectady, NY, USA	University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom
b. 1925	b. 1929 (in Bergen, Norway)	b. 1940

Biography: Leo Esaki

Leo Esaki was born in Osaka, Japan in 1925. Esaki completed work for a B.S. in Physics in 1947 and received his Ph.D in 1959, both from the University of Tokyo. Esaki is an IBM Fellow and has been engaged in semiconductor research at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, since 1960. Prior to joining IBM, he worked at the Sony Corp. where his research on heavily-doped Ge and Si resulted in the discovery of the Esaki tunnel diode; this device constitutes the first quantum electron device. Since 1969, Esaki has, with his colleagues, pioneered "designed semiconductor quantum structures" such as man-made superlattices, exploring a new quantum regime in the frontier of semiconductor physics.

The Nobel Prize in Physics (1973) was awarded in recognition of his pioneering work on electron tunneling in solids. Other awards include the Nishina Memorial Award (1959), the Asahi Press Award (1960), the Toyo Rayon Foundation Award for the Promotion of Science and Technology (1960), the Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Prize from IRE (1961), the Stuart Ballantine Medal from the Franklin Institute (1961), the Japan Academy Award (1965), the Order of Culture from the Japanese Government (1974), the American Physical Society 1985 International Prize for New Materials for his pioneering work in artificial semiconductor superlattices, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1991 for contributions to and leadership in tunneling, semiconductor superlattices, and quantum wells. Dr. Esaki holds honorary degrees from Doshisha School, Japan, the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain, the University of Montpellier, France, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan and the University of Athens, Greece. Dr. Esaki is a Director of IBM-Japan, Ltd., on the Governing Board of the IBM-Tokyo Research Laboratory, a Director of the Yamada Science Foundation and the Science and Technology Foundation of Japan. He serves on numerous international scientific advisory boards and committees, and is an Adjunct Professor of Waseda University, Japan. Currently he is a Guest Editorial writer for the Yomiuri Press. Dr. Esaki was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in May 1974, a member of the Japan Academy on November 12, 1975, a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering (USA) on April 1, 1977, a member of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft on March 17, 1989, and a foreign member of the American Philosophical Society in April of 1991.

Biography: Ivar Giaever

Ivar Giaever was born in Bergen, Norway, April 5, 1929, the second of three children. He grew up in Toten where his father, John A. Giaever, was a pharmacist. He attended elementary school in Toten but received his secondary education in the city of Hamar. Next he worked one year at the Raufoss Munition Factories before entering the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1948. He graduated in 1952 with a degree in mechanical engineering.

In 1953, Giaever completed his military duty as a corporal in the Norwegian Army, and thereafter he was employed for a year as a patent examiner for the Norwegian Government.

Giaever emigrated to Canada in 1954 and after a short period as an architect's aide he joined Canadian General Electric's Advanced Engineering Program. In 1956, he emigrated to the USA where he completed the General Electric Company's A, B and C engineering courses. In these he worked in various assignments as an applied mathematician. He joined the General Electric Research and Development Center in 1958 and concurrently started to study physics at Rensselaer Polytechnical Institute where he obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1964.

From 1958 to 1969 Dr. Giaever worked in the fields of thin films, tunneling and superconductivity. In 1965 he was awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Prize for some pioneering work combining tunneling and superconductivity. In 1969 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and thereupon spent one year in Cambridge, England studying biophysics. Since returning to the Research and Development Center in 1970, Dr. Giaever has spent most of his effort studying the behavior of protein molecules at solid surfaces. In recognition of his work he was elected a Coolidge fellow at General Electric in May, 1973.

Dr Giaever is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, and the Biophysical Society, and he is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. Dr. Giaever has served on committees for several international conferences and presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of the Solid State division in the American Physical Society.

Ivar Giaever married Inger Skramstad in 1952 and they have four children. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1964.

Notes added

Linus Pauling is reported to have said that the Nobel Prize did not change his life - he was already famous! That was not true for me. The Nobel Prize opened a lot of doors, but also provided me with many distractions. I have, however, continued to work in biophysics, attempting to use physical methods and thoughts to solve biological problems. At the present time, I am studying the motion of mammalian cells in tissue culture by growing both normal and cancerous cells on small electrodes.

I left General Electric in 1988 to become an Institute Professor at Rensselaer (RPI) in Troy, New York 12180-3590, and concurrently I am also a Professor at the University of Oslo, Norway, sponsored by STATOIL.

On a personal note my wife and I are now the proud grandparents of almost four grandchildren.

Curriculum Vitae: Brian David Josephson

Date of birth: 4 January 1940
Place of birth: Cardiff, Wales, U.K.
Education
Cardiff High School
University of Cambridge, B.A.	1960
University of Cambridge, M.A., Ph.D	1964
Academic Career
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge	1962
Research Assistant Professor, University of Illinois	1964-65
Assistant Director of Research, University of Cambridge	1967-72
NSF Senior Foreign Scientist Fellow, Cornell University	1971
Reader in Physics, University of Cambridge	1972-74
Professor of Physics, University of Cambridge	1974-
Visiting Professor - Computer Science Department, Wayne State University, Detroit	1983
Visiting Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore	1984
Visiting Professor, University of Missouri-Rolla	1987
Awards
New Scientist	1969
Research Corporation	1969
Fritz London	1970
Medals
Guthrie (Institute of Physics) 1972	1972
van der Pol 1972	1972
Elliott Cresson (Franklin Institute) 1972	1972
Hughes (Royal Society) 1972	1972
Holweck (Institute of Physics and French Institute of Physics) 1972	1972
Faraday (Institution of Electrical Engineers) 1982	1982
Sir George Thomson (Institute of Measurement and Control) 1984	1984
Other Information
Fellow of the Institute of Physics
Honorary D.Sc., University of Wales 1974	1974
Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1974	1974
Honorary Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 1982	1982
Honorary D.Sc., University of Exeter 1983	1983
Invited presentation on subject of 'Higher States of Consciousness', to US Congressional Committee 1983